Connor Ball - last 3 Laws

Brightness Constancy- The tendency for an object to be perceived as having the same brightness under widely different conditions of illumination

Shape Constancy- When the perception of an object remains constant despite changes in the shape of the object's retinal image

Visual Illusions- Images perceived in a matter that differs from objective reality

Rules of Perceptual Organization - Rules 1-4

Chelsey Bunner: Rules of Perceptual Organization

Closure:

Closure is where objects grouped together are seen as a whole. Its the belief that the brain tends to perceive forms and figures in their complete appearance despite the absence of one or more of their parts. For example, when a person sees a circle drawn with dotted lines, they still see a Circe, even though its not actually complete. This image shows closure because even though the picture is only a fraction of the full image, people can still identify the photo as a window washer, or painter.

Continuity:

Continuity is when stimuli tend to be grouped as to minimize change or discontinuity. Its where lines are seen as following the smoothest path.
This image shows continuance because of the side walk and line of the ocean. They both create a smooth path for the Roller-blader to follow 

Similarity:

Similarity refers to items that are similar tend to be grouped together. The law of similarity holds that a person can normally recognize stimuli that has physical resemblance at some degree as part of the same object. Similarity occurs when forms, colors, sizes or objects look enough alike to be perceived as a group or pattern in a person's mind. For example, these rows of chairs are grouped together because of how similar they are. So people can recognize that they are apart of the same group.

Proximity:

Proximity is when objects near each other tend to be grouped together. Stimulus elements that are closed together tend to be perceived as a group. For example, in the following image, the fan appears to be coming out of the cops head, like spiky hair, but actually it just seems that way because they are close together. 

Size Consistency

textbook definition: tendency to perceive an object as being the same size regardless of whether it is close or far away. 

own definition: objects are same size regardless the distance.  

examples: 

http://psych.hanover.edu/krantz/SizeConstancy/

All of the people are relatively the same size in the photo even though they're further. 

Binocular Cue

textbook definition: information taken in by both eyes that aids in depth perception, including binocular convergence and retinal gravity. 

own definition: information taken in with two eyes. 

examples:

http://www.wallpapermania.eu/wallpaper/small-house-between-trees-hd-wallpaper

Depth perception allows us to see things near from far. 

Monocular Cues Continued

examples:

http://wallpaper222.com/explore/texture-gradient-monocular-cues/

https://quizlet.com/22176438/monocular-cues-flash-cards/

As the surface gets further in the photo the texture seems smoother. 

 

Where one object overlaps the others, which causes us to to perceive depth. 

Monocular Cues

textbook definition: information about depth that relies on the input of just one eye-includes relative size, relative motion, light and shadow, interposition, and atmospheric perspective. 

own definition: depth perception when viewing a scene with one eye. 

examples: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_perception

http://travel.usnews.com/Boulder_CO/Pictures/Rocky_Mountain_View_3827/

http://webspace.ship.edu/tosato/vispercp.htm

The cars in the background appear smaller due to the distance of the photo taken. 

The mountains size appear smaller than the mountains in front, by the distance of the photo. 

The road looks to be getting more narrow towards the back of the photo, due to distance. 

Reversible Figures

Ambiguous images or reversible figures are optical illusion images which exploit graphical similarities and other properties of visual system interpretation between two or more distinct image forms. 

Reversible figures are illusions in which  one can observe two different scenes in one picture, and in turn,  demonstrating the idea of gestalt psychology(the whole in different than the sum of its parts).